Business
Margins, pricing, wages, and unit economics.
Explore the complete industry collections or search every calculator. The resources below explain general business maths.
Calculators
Break-Even Calculator
Find the whole-unit sales volume needed to cover fixed and variable costs.
Hourly to Annual Salary Calculator
Estimate annual gross earnings from hourly pay and paid hours.
Markup Calculator
Calculate a selling price by applying markup to cost.
Profit Margin Calculator
Calculate gross margin from revenue and the specified cost.
Salary to Hourly Calculator
Convert annual gross salary into an equivalent hourly rate.
Sales Tax Calculator
Apply an entered percentage tax rate to a before-tax price.
Remove VAT Calculator
Recover the before-tax price from a tax-inclusive total and an entered VAT rate.
Guides & answers
How to allocate overhead to service jobs without counting it twice
Choose an overhead cost pool and allocation base, calculate a recovery rate and test what happens when fewer hours are billed.
Bulk buying versus frequent orders: compare the whole cost
Compare purchase discounts, delivery charges, stock held and expiry risk over the same period before committing cash.
How AskToBot checks business calculations
Understand the scope of our business formulas, hypothetical examples, arithmetic checks, references and corrections process.
How to build a short-term cash flow forecast
Follow a four-week cash forecast, distinguish receipts from invoices and test the effect of a customer paying two weeks late.
Contribution margin vs profit: what a sale actually covers
See how contribution covers fixed costs, calculate break-even volume and understand why a profitable-looking job does not guarantee a profitable month.
How to plan deposits and milestone payments around job costs
Map project payments by date, calculate the deepest cash gap and test whether a deposit or milestone arrives in time.
How many extra sales do you need to recover a discount?
Work through a 10% price discount at a 40% contribution ratio and calculate the additional sales volume needed to preserve total contribution.
Early-payment discount versus standard terms
Measure the cash and margin cost of an early-payment discount, and understand what its annualized comparison does and does not mean.
How to review estimated versus actual job costs
Separate hours, rate and material variances, reconcile the change in profit and use the findings to improve your next estimate.
Fixed price versus hourly billing: compare risk and revenue
Compare fixed and hourly billing using the same scope, actual hours and cost base, with examples of how an overrun changes margin.
HVAC installation pricing: a worked quote and overrun example
Build a hypothetical installation quote from equipment, crew hours, consumables and overhead, then test extra labour and the deposit gap.
Inventory reorder point vs order quantity: a worked planning example
Calculate a reorder trigger from lead-time demand and a buffer, distinguish it from order size and test a supplier delay.
How to test a reorder point against supplier delays
Check demand during lead time, distinguish inventory position from stock on hand and test delay scenarios without inventing a service level.
Labour cost per hour: paid hours vs billable hours
Calculate labour cost using paid hours and billable hours, then separate employer costs from overhead to avoid underpricing or double counting.
How to stress-test cash flow for a late customer payment
Move an expected receipt to a later date, reconcile the lowest balance and measure the shortfall without confusing delay with bad debt.
Margin vs markup: the same profit, different percentages
Compare margin and markup using one cost-and-price example, a conversion table and the formulas for finding a selling price.
Material yield, waste and pack sizes: calculate what you must buy
Calculate usable material cost and whole-pack orders, and distinguish yield loss from a percentage added to the required quantity.
How to calculate break-even when you sell several services
Use weighted contribution to calculate break-even across a service mix, then test a shift in demand and available capacity.
Overtime or another employee: compare cost and usable capacity
Compare overtime with hiring at the hours you can actually use, including onboarding, skills and the duration of demand.
Plumbing callout pricing: account for travel, diagnosis and repair time
Work through the cost of a short plumbing visit and see why billing only hands-on repair time can understate the cost of the booking.
How to price a scope change without losing the original margin
Cost extra work, check its effect on the original quote and account for delays, revisions and approval before starting.
Profit vs cash flow: why a profitable job can leave a cash gap
Compare the economics of a completed job with the timing of customer receipts and supplier payments using a two-period example.
Service capacity planning: turn available hours into deliverable jobs
Estimate practical team capacity, allow for non-delivery time and test longer jobs before committing to a weekly workload.
How to price a service job: costs, margin and cash timing
Build a service quote from delivery costs and overhead, calculate a target margin, and test an overrun before checking payment timing.
Software agency retainers: price delivery, support and scope changes
Calculate a monthly retainer from delivery time, support, licences and overhead, then test extra requests and a client-specific software fee.
How to compare supplier quotes using usable landed cost
Compare purchase price, freight, usable yield and pack sizes before deciding which supplier offer costs less.
Utilisation versus productivity: what each measure tells you
Distinguish time allocated to work from output per hour, using consistent denominators and checks for rework and overtime.
